Files
awx/awx/main/models/credential.py
Chris Meyers e411f3534f Decouple inject_credentials from dynamic inputs
* Preparation for moving inject_credentials out of this repo
2024-12-02 11:32:46 -05:00

780 lines
30 KiB
Python

# Copyright (c) 2015 Ansible, Inc.
# All Rights Reserved.
from contextlib import nullcontext
import functools
import inspect
import logging
import os
from importlib.metadata import entry_points
import re
import stat
import tempfile
from types import SimpleNamespace
# Jinja2
from jinja2 import sandbox
# Django
from django.apps.config import AppConfig
from django.apps.registry import Apps
from django.db import models
from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
from django.conf import settings
from django.utils.encoding import force_str
from django.utils.functional import cached_property
from django.utils.timezone import now
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
# Shared code for the AWX platform
from awx_plugins.interfaces._temporary_private_container_api import get_incontainer_path
# DRF
from awx.main.utils.pglock import advisory_lock
from rest_framework.serializers import ValidationError as DRFValidationError
# AWX
from awx.api.versioning import reverse
from awx.main.fields import (
ImplicitRoleField,
CredentialInputField,
CredentialTypeInputField,
CredentialTypeInjectorField,
DynamicCredentialInputField,
)
from awx.main.utils import decrypt_field, classproperty, set_environ
from awx.main.utils.safe_yaml import safe_dump
from awx.main.validators import validate_ssh_private_key
from awx.main.models.base import CommonModelNameNotUnique, PasswordFieldsModel, PrimordialModel
from awx.main.models.mixins import ResourceMixin
from awx.main.models.rbac import (
ROLE_SINGLETON_SYSTEM_ADMINISTRATOR,
ROLE_SINGLETON_SYSTEM_AUDITOR,
)
from awx.main.models import Team, Organization
from awx.main.utils import encrypt_field
from awx_plugins.credentials import injectors as builtin_injectors
# DAB
from ansible_base.resource_registry.tasks.sync import get_resource_server_client
from ansible_base.resource_registry.utils.settings import resource_server_defined
__all__ = ['Credential', 'CredentialType', 'CredentialInputSource', 'build_safe_env']
logger = logging.getLogger('awx.main.models.credential')
credential_plugins = {entry_point.name: entry_point.load() for entry_point in entry_points(group='awx_plugins.credentials')}
HIDDEN_PASSWORD = '**********'
def build_safe_env(env):
"""
Build environment dictionary, hiding potentially sensitive information
such as passwords or keys.
"""
hidden_re = re.compile(r'API|TOKEN|KEY|SECRET|PASS', re.I)
urlpass_re = re.compile(r'^.*?://[^:]+:(.*?)@.*?$')
safe_env = dict(env)
for k, v in safe_env.items():
if k == 'AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID':
continue
elif k.startswith('ANSIBLE_') and not k.startswith('ANSIBLE_NET') and not k.startswith('ANSIBLE_GALAXY_SERVER'):
continue
elif hidden_re.search(k):
safe_env[k] = HIDDEN_PASSWORD
elif type(v) == str and urlpass_re.match(v):
safe_env[k] = urlpass_re.sub(HIDDEN_PASSWORD, v)
return safe_env
def check_resource_server_for_user_in_organization(user, organization, requesting_user):
if not resource_server_defined():
return False
if not requesting_user:
return False
client = get_resource_server_client(settings.RESOURCE_SERVICE_PATH, jwt_user_id=str(requesting_user.resource.ansible_id), raise_if_bad_request=False)
# need to get the organization object_id in resource server, by querying with ansible_id
response = client._make_request(path=f'resources/?ansible_id={str(organization.resource.ansible_id)}', method='GET')
response_json = response.json()
if response.status_code != 200:
logger.error(f'Failed to get organization object_id in resource server: {response_json.get("detail", "")}')
return False
if response_json.get('count', 0) == 0:
return False
org_id_in_resource_server = response_json['results'][0]['object_id']
client.base_url = client.base_url.replace('/api/gateway/v1/service-index/', '/api/gateway/v1/')
# find role assignments with:
# - roles Organization Member or Organization Admin
# - user ansible id
# - organization object id
response = client._make_request(
path=f'role_user_assignments/?role_definition__name__in=Organization Member,Organization Admin&user__resource__ansible_id={str(user.resource.ansible_id)}&object_id={org_id_in_resource_server}',
method='GET',
)
response_json = response.json()
if response.status_code != 200:
logger.error(f'Failed to get role user assignments in resource server: {response_json.get("detail", "")}')
return False
if response_json.get('count', 0) > 0:
return True
return False
class Credential(PasswordFieldsModel, CommonModelNameNotUnique, ResourceMixin):
"""
A credential contains information about how to talk to a remote resource
Usually this is a SSH key location, and possibly an unlock password.
If used with sudo, a sudo password should be set if required.
"""
class Meta:
app_label = 'main'
ordering = ('name',)
unique_together = ('organization', 'name', 'credential_type')
permissions = [('use_credential', 'Can use credential in a job or related resource')]
PASSWORD_FIELDS = ['inputs']
FIELDS_TO_PRESERVE_AT_COPY = ['input_sources']
credential_type = models.ForeignKey(
'CredentialType',
related_name='credentials',
null=False,
on_delete=models.CASCADE,
help_text=_('Specify the type of credential you want to create. Refer to the documentation for details on each type.'),
)
managed = models.BooleanField(default=False, editable=False)
organization = models.ForeignKey(
'Organization',
null=True,
default=None,
blank=True,
on_delete=models.CASCADE,
related_name='credentials',
)
inputs = CredentialInputField(
blank=True, default=dict, help_text=_('Enter inputs using either JSON or YAML syntax. Refer to the documentation for example syntax.')
)
admin_role = ImplicitRoleField(
parent_role=[
'singleton:' + ROLE_SINGLETON_SYSTEM_ADMINISTRATOR,
'organization.credential_admin_role',
],
)
use_role = ImplicitRoleField(
parent_role=[
'admin_role',
]
)
read_role = ImplicitRoleField(
parent_role=[
'singleton:' + ROLE_SINGLETON_SYSTEM_AUDITOR,
'organization.auditor_role',
'use_role',
'admin_role',
]
)
@property
def kind(self):
return self.credential_type.namespace
@property
def cloud(self):
return self.credential_type.kind == 'cloud'
@property
def kubernetes(self):
return self.credential_type.kind == 'kubernetes'
def get_absolute_url(self, request=None):
return reverse('api:credential_detail', kwargs={'pk': self.pk}, request=request)
#
# TODO: the SSH-related properties below are largely used for validation
# and for determining passwords necessary for job/ad-hoc launch
#
# These are SSH-specific; should we move them elsewhere?
#
@property
def needs_ssh_password(self):
return self.credential_type.kind == 'ssh' and self.inputs.get('password') == 'ASK'
@property
def has_encrypted_ssh_key_data(self):
try:
ssh_key_data = self.get_input('ssh_key_data')
except AttributeError:
return False
try:
pem_objects = validate_ssh_private_key(ssh_key_data)
for pem_object in pem_objects:
if pem_object.get('key_enc', False):
return True
except ValidationError:
pass
return False
@property
def needs_ssh_key_unlock(self):
if self.credential_type.kind == 'ssh' and self.inputs.get('ssh_key_unlock') in ('ASK', ''):
return self.has_encrypted_ssh_key_data
return False
@property
def needs_become_password(self):
return self.credential_type.kind == 'ssh' and self.inputs.get('become_password') == 'ASK'
@property
def needs_vault_password(self):
return self.credential_type.kind == 'vault' and self.inputs.get('vault_password') == 'ASK'
@property
def passwords_needed(self):
needed = []
for field in ('ssh_password', 'become_password', 'ssh_key_unlock'):
if getattr(self, 'needs_%s' % field):
needed.append(field)
if self.needs_vault_password:
if self.inputs.get('vault_id'):
needed.append('vault_password.{}'.format(self.inputs.get('vault_id')))
else:
needed.append('vault_password')
return needed
@cached_property
def dynamic_input_fields(self):
# if the credential is not yet saved we can't access the input_sources
if not self.id:
return []
return [obj.input_field_name for obj in self.input_sources.all()]
def _password_field_allows_ask(self, field):
return field in self.credential_type.askable_fields
def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.PASSWORD_FIELDS = self.credential_type.secret_fields
if self.pk:
cred_before = Credential.objects.get(pk=self.pk)
inputs_before = cred_before.inputs
# Look up the currently persisted value so that we can replace
# $encrypted$ with the actual DB-backed value
for field in self.PASSWORD_FIELDS:
if self.inputs.get(field) == '$encrypted$':
self.inputs[field] = inputs_before[field]
super(Credential, self).save(*args, **kwargs)
def mark_field_for_save(self, update_fields, field):
if 'inputs' not in update_fields:
update_fields.append('inputs')
def encrypt_field(self, field, ask):
if field not in self.inputs:
return None
encrypted = encrypt_field(self, field, ask=ask)
if encrypted:
self.inputs[field] = encrypted
elif field in self.inputs:
del self.inputs[field]
def display_inputs(self):
field_val = self.inputs.copy()
for k, v in field_val.items():
if force_str(v).startswith('$encrypted$'):
field_val[k] = '$encrypted$'
return field_val
def unique_hash(self, display=False):
"""
Credential exclusivity is not defined solely by the related
credential type (due to vault), so this produces a hash
that can be used to evaluate exclusivity
"""
if display:
type_alias = self.credential_type.name
else:
type_alias = self.credential_type_id
if self.credential_type.kind == 'vault' and self.has_input('vault_id'):
if display:
fmt_str = '{} (id={})'
else:
fmt_str = '{}_{}'
return fmt_str.format(type_alias, self.get_input('vault_id'))
return str(type_alias)
@staticmethod
def unique_dict(cred_qs):
ret = {}
for cred in cred_qs:
ret[cred.unique_hash()] = cred
return ret
def get_input(self, field_name, **kwargs):
"""
Get an injectable and decrypted value for an input field.
Retrieves the value for a given credential input field name. Return
values for secret input fields are decrypted. If the credential doesn't
have an input value defined for the given field name, an AttributeError
is raised unless a default value is provided.
:param field_name(str): The name of the input field.
:param default(optional[str]): A default return value to use.
"""
if self.credential_type.kind != 'external' and field_name in self.dynamic_input_fields:
return self._get_dynamic_input(field_name)
if field_name in self.credential_type.secret_fields:
try:
return decrypt_field(self, field_name)
except AttributeError:
for field in self.credential_type.inputs.get('fields', []):
if field['id'] == field_name and 'default' in field:
return field['default']
if 'default' in kwargs:
return kwargs['default']
raise AttributeError(field_name)
if field_name in self.inputs:
return self.inputs[field_name]
if 'default' in kwargs:
return kwargs['default']
for field in self.credential_type.inputs.get('fields', []):
if field['id'] == field_name and 'default' in field:
return field['default']
raise AttributeError(field_name)
def has_input(self, field_name):
if field_name in self.dynamic_input_fields:
return True
return field_name in self.inputs and self.inputs[field_name] not in ('', None)
def has_inputs(self, field_names=()):
for name in field_names:
if not self.has_input(name):
raise ValueError('{} is not an input field'.format(name))
return True
def get_input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
"""
Return a unique list of both static and dynamic credential input keys.
:returns: List of input field names
:rtype: list[str]
"""
return list(set(self.inputs.keys()) | set(self.dynamic_input_fields))
def _get_dynamic_input(self, field_name):
for input_source in self.input_sources.all():
if input_source.input_field_name == field_name:
return input_source.get_input_value()
else:
raise ValueError('{} is not a dynamic input field'.format(field_name))
def validate_role_assignment(self, actor, role_definition, **kwargs):
if self.organization:
if isinstance(actor, User):
if actor.is_superuser:
return
if Organization.access_qs(actor, 'member').filter(id=self.organization.id).exists():
return
requesting_user = kwargs.get('requesting_user', None)
if check_resource_server_for_user_in_organization(actor, self.organization, requesting_user):
return
if isinstance(actor, Team):
if actor.organization == self.organization:
return
raise DRFValidationError({'detail': _(f"You cannot grant credential access to a {actor._meta.object_name} not in the credentials' organization")})
class CredentialType(CommonModelNameNotUnique):
CREDENTIAL_REGISTRATION_ADVISORY_LOCK_NAME = 'setup_tower_managed_defaults'
"""
A reusable schema for a credential.
Used to define a named credential type with fields (e.g., an API key) and
output injectors (i.e., an environment variable that uses the API key).
"""
class Meta:
app_label = 'main'
ordering = ('kind', 'name')
unique_together = (('name', 'kind'),)
KIND_CHOICES = (
('ssh', _('Machine')),
('vault', _('Vault')),
('net', _('Network')),
('scm', _('Source Control')),
('cloud', _('Cloud')),
('registry', _('Container Registry')),
('token', _('Personal Access Token')),
('insights', _('Insights')),
('external', _('External')),
('kubernetes', _('Kubernetes')),
('galaxy', _('Galaxy/Automation Hub')),
('cryptography', _('Cryptography')),
)
kind = models.CharField(max_length=32, choices=KIND_CHOICES)
managed = models.BooleanField(default=False, editable=False)
namespace = models.CharField(max_length=1024, null=True, default=None, editable=False)
inputs = CredentialTypeInputField(
blank=True, default=dict, help_text=_('Enter inputs using either JSON or YAML syntax. Refer to the documentation for example syntax.')
)
injectors = CredentialTypeInjectorField(
blank=True,
default=dict,
help_text=_('Enter injectors using either JSON or YAML syntax. Refer to the documentation for example syntax.'),
)
@classmethod
def from_db(cls, db, field_names, values):
instance = super(CredentialType, cls).from_db(db, field_names, values)
if instance.managed and instance.namespace:
native = ManagedCredentialType.registry[instance.namespace]
instance.inputs = native.inputs
instance.injectors = native.injectors
return instance
def get_absolute_url(self, request=None):
return reverse('api:credential_type_detail', kwargs={'pk': self.pk}, request=request)
@property
def defined_fields(self):
return [field.get('id') for field in self.inputs.get('fields', [])]
@property
def secret_fields(self):
return [field['id'] for field in self.inputs.get('fields', []) if field.get('secret', False) is True]
@property
def askable_fields(self):
return [field['id'] for field in self.inputs.get('fields', []) if field.get('ask_at_runtime', False) is True]
@property
def plugin(self):
if self.kind != 'external':
raise AttributeError('plugin')
[plugin] = [plugin for ns, plugin in credential_plugins.items() if ns == self.namespace]
return plugin
def default_for_field(self, field_id):
for field in self.inputs.get('fields', []):
if field['id'] == field_id:
if 'choices' in field:
return field['choices'][0]
return {'string': '', 'boolean': False}[field['type']]
@classproperty
def defaults(cls):
return dict((k, functools.partial(v.create)) for k, v in ManagedCredentialType.registry.items())
@classmethod
def _get_credential_type_class(cls, apps: Apps = None, app_config: AppConfig = None):
"""
Legacy code passing in apps while newer code should pass only the specific 'main' app config.
"""
if apps and app_config:
raise ValueError('Expected only apps or app_config to be defined, not both')
if not any(
(
apps,
app_config,
)
):
return CredentialType
if apps:
app_config = apps.get_app_config('main')
return app_config.get_model('CredentialType')
@classmethod
def _setup_tower_managed_defaults(cls, apps: Apps = None, app_config: AppConfig = None):
ct_class = cls._get_credential_type_class(apps=apps, app_config=app_config)
for default in ManagedCredentialType.registry.values():
existing = ct_class.objects.filter(name=default.name, kind=default.kind).first()
if existing is not None:
existing.namespace = default.namespace
existing.inputs = {}
existing.injectors = {}
existing.save()
continue
logger.debug(_("adding %s credential type" % default.name))
params = default.get_creation_params()
if 'managed' not in [f.name for f in ct_class._meta.get_fields()]:
params['managed_by_tower'] = params.pop('managed')
params['created'] = params['modified'] = now() # CreatedModifiedModel service
created = ct_class(**params)
created.inputs = created.injectors = {}
created.save()
@classmethod
def setup_tower_managed_defaults(cls, apps: Apps = None, app_config: AppConfig = None, lock: bool = True, wait_for_lock: bool = False):
"""
Create a CredentialType for discovered credential plugins.
By default, this function will attempt to acquire the globally distributed lock (postgres advisory lock).
If the lock is acquired the method will call the underlying method.
If the lock is NOT acquired the method will NOT call the underlying method.
lock=False will set acquired to True and appear to acquire the lock.
lock=True, wait_for_lock=False will attempt to acquire the lock and NOT block.
lock=True, wait_for_lock=True will attempt to acquire the lock and will block until the exclusive lock is acquired.
:param lock(optional[bool]): Attempt to acquire the postgres advisory lock.
:param wait_for_lock(optional[bool]): Block and wait forever for the postgres advisory lock.
"""
if apps and not apps.ready:
return
with advisory_lock(cls.CREDENTIAL_REGISTRATION_ADVISORY_LOCK_NAME, wait=wait_for_lock) if lock else nullcontext(True) as acquired:
if acquired:
cls._setup_tower_managed_defaults(apps=apps, app_config=app_config)
@classmethod
def load_plugin(cls, ns, plugin):
ManagedCredentialType(namespace=ns, name=plugin.name, kind='external', inputs=plugin.inputs)
def inject_credential(self, credential, env, safe_env, args, private_data_dir):
"""
Inject credential data into the environment variables and arguments
passed to `ansible-playbook`
:param credential: a :class:`awx.main.models.Credential` instance
:param env: a dictionary of environment variables used in
the `ansible-playbook` call. This method adds
additional environment variables based on
custom `env` injectors defined on this
CredentialType.
:param safe_env: a dictionary of environment variables stored
in the database for the job run
(`UnifiedJob.job_env`); secret values should
be stripped
:param args: a list of arguments passed to
`ansible-playbook` in the style of
`subprocess.call(args)`. This method appends
additional arguments based on custom
`extra_vars` injectors defined on this
CredentialType.
:param private_data_dir: a temporary directory to store files generated
by `file` injectors (like config files or key
files)
"""
if not self.injectors:
if self.managed and credential.credential_type.namespace in dir(builtin_injectors):
injected_env = {}
getattr(builtin_injectors, credential.credential_type.namespace)(credential, injected_env, private_data_dir)
env.update(injected_env)
safe_env.update(build_safe_env(injected_env))
return
class TowerNamespace:
pass
tower_namespace = TowerNamespace()
# maintain a normal namespace for building the ansible-playbook arguments (env and args)
namespace = {'tower': tower_namespace}
# maintain a sanitized namespace for building the DB-stored arguments (safe_env)
safe_namespace = {'tower': tower_namespace}
# build a normal namespace with secret values decrypted (for
# ansible-playbook) and a safe namespace with secret values hidden (for
# DB storage)
for field_name in credential.get_input_keys():
value = credential.get_input(field_name)
if type(value) is bool:
# boolean values can't be secret/encrypted/external
safe_namespace[field_name] = namespace[field_name] = value
continue
if field_name in self.secret_fields:
safe_namespace[field_name] = '**********'
elif len(value):
safe_namespace[field_name] = value
if len(value):
namespace[field_name] = value
for field in self.inputs.get('fields', []):
# default missing boolean fields to False
if field['type'] == 'boolean' and field['id'] not in credential.inputs.keys():
namespace[field['id']] = safe_namespace[field['id']] = False
# make sure private keys end with a \n
if field.get('format') == 'ssh_private_key':
if field['id'] in namespace and not namespace[field['id']].endswith('\n'):
namespace[field['id']] += '\n'
file_tmpls = self.injectors.get('file', {})
# If any file templates are provided, render the files and update the
# special `tower` template namespace so the filename can be
# referenced in other injectors
sandbox_env = sandbox.ImmutableSandboxedEnvironment()
for file_label, file_tmpl in file_tmpls.items():
data = sandbox_env.from_string(file_tmpl).render(**namespace)
_, path = tempfile.mkstemp(dir=os.path.join(private_data_dir, 'env'))
with open(path, 'w') as f:
f.write(data)
os.chmod(path, stat.S_IRUSR | stat.S_IWUSR)
container_path = get_incontainer_path(path, private_data_dir)
# determine if filename indicates single file or many
if file_label.find('.') == -1:
tower_namespace.filename = container_path
else:
if not hasattr(tower_namespace, 'filename'):
tower_namespace.filename = TowerNamespace()
file_label = file_label.split('.')[1]
setattr(tower_namespace.filename, file_label, container_path)
injector_field = self._meta.get_field('injectors')
for env_var, tmpl in self.injectors.get('env', {}).items():
try:
injector_field.validate_env_var_allowed(env_var)
except ValidationError as e:
logger.error('Ignoring prohibited env var {}, reason: {}'.format(env_var, e))
continue
env[env_var] = sandbox_env.from_string(tmpl).render(**namespace)
safe_env[env_var] = sandbox_env.from_string(tmpl).render(**safe_namespace)
if 'INVENTORY_UPDATE_ID' not in env:
# awx-manage inventory_update does not support extra_vars via -e
def build_extra_vars(node):
if isinstance(node, dict):
return {build_extra_vars(k): build_extra_vars(v) for k, v in node.items()}
elif isinstance(node, list):
return [build_extra_vars(x) for x in node]
else:
return sandbox_env.from_string(node).render(**namespace)
def build_extra_vars_file(vars, private_dir):
handle, path = tempfile.mkstemp(dir=os.path.join(private_dir, 'env'))
f = os.fdopen(handle, 'w')
f.write(safe_dump(vars))
f.close()
os.chmod(path, stat.S_IRUSR)
return path
extra_vars = build_extra_vars(self.injectors.get('extra_vars', {}))
if extra_vars:
path = build_extra_vars_file(extra_vars, private_data_dir)
container_path = get_incontainer_path(path, private_data_dir)
args.extend(['-e', '@%s' % container_path])
class ManagedCredentialType(SimpleNamespace):
registry = {}
def __init__(self, namespace, **kwargs):
for k in ('inputs', 'injectors'):
if k not in kwargs:
kwargs[k] = {}
super(ManagedCredentialType, self).__init__(namespace=namespace, **kwargs)
if namespace in ManagedCredentialType.registry:
raise ValueError(
'a ManagedCredentialType with namespace={} is already defined in {}'.format(
namespace, inspect.getsourcefile(ManagedCredentialType.registry[namespace].__class__)
)
)
ManagedCredentialType.registry[namespace] = self
def get_creation_params(self):
return dict(
namespace=self.namespace,
kind=self.kind,
name=self.name,
managed=True,
inputs=self.inputs,
injectors=self.injectors,
)
def create(self):
return CredentialType(**self.get_creation_params())
class CredentialInputSource(PrimordialModel):
class Meta:
app_label = 'main'
unique_together = (('target_credential', 'input_field_name'),)
ordering = (
'target_credential',
'source_credential',
'input_field_name',
)
FIELDS_TO_PRESERVE_AT_COPY = ['source_credential', 'metadata', 'input_field_name']
target_credential = models.ForeignKey(
'Credential',
related_name='input_sources',
on_delete=models.CASCADE,
null=True,
)
source_credential = models.ForeignKey(
'Credential',
related_name='target_input_sources',
on_delete=models.CASCADE,
null=True,
)
input_field_name = models.CharField(
max_length=1024,
)
metadata = DynamicCredentialInputField(blank=True, default=dict)
def clean_target_credential(self):
if self.target_credential.credential_type.kind == 'external':
raise ValidationError(_('Target must be a non-external credential'))
return self.target_credential
def clean_source_credential(self):
if self.source_credential.credential_type.kind != 'external':
raise ValidationError(_('Source must be an external credential'))
return self.source_credential
def clean_input_field_name(self):
defined_fields = self.target_credential.credential_type.defined_fields
if self.input_field_name not in defined_fields:
raise ValidationError(_('Input field must be defined on target credential (options are {}).'.format(', '.join(sorted(defined_fields)))))
return self.input_field_name
def get_input_value(self):
backend = self.source_credential.credential_type.plugin.backend
backend_kwargs = {}
for field_name, value in self.source_credential.inputs.items():
if field_name in self.source_credential.credential_type.secret_fields:
backend_kwargs[field_name] = decrypt_field(self.source_credential, field_name)
else:
backend_kwargs[field_name] = value
backend_kwargs.update(self.metadata)
with set_environ(**settings.AWX_TASK_ENV):
return backend(**backend_kwargs)
def get_absolute_url(self, request=None):
view_name = 'api:credential_input_source_detail'
return reverse(view_name, kwargs={'pk': self.pk}, request=request)
from awx_plugins.credentials.plugins import * # noqa
for ns, plugin in credential_plugins.items():
CredentialType.load_plugin(ns, plugin)