# Deploy a Production Ready Kubernetes Cluster

![Kubernetes Logo](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes-sigs/kubespray/master/docs/img/kubernetes-logo.png)

If you have questions, check the documentation at [kubespray.io](https://kubespray.io) and join us on the [kubernetes slack](https://kubernetes.slack.com), channel **\#kubespray**.
You can get your invite [here](http://slack.k8s.io/)

- Can be deployed on **[AWS](docs/aws.md), GCE, [Azure](docs/azure.md), [OpenStack](docs/openstack.md), [vSphere](docs/vsphere.md), [Equinix Metal](docs/equinix-metal.md) (bare metal), Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (Experimental), or Baremetal**
- **Highly available** cluster
- **Composable** (Choice of the network plugin for instance)
- Supports most popular **Linux distributions**
- **Continuous integration tests**

## Quick Start

To deploy the cluster you can use :

### Ansible

#### Usage

Install Ansible according to [Ansible installation guide](/docs/ansible.md#installing-ansible)
then run the following steps:

```ShellSession
# Copy ``inventory/sample`` as ``inventory/mycluster``
cp -rfp inventory/sample inventory/mycluster

# Update Ansible inventory file with inventory builder
declare -a IPS=(10.10.1.3 10.10.1.4 10.10.1.5)
CONFIG_FILE=inventory/mycluster/hosts.yaml python3 contrib/inventory_builder/inventory.py ${IPS[@]}

# Review and change parameters under ``inventory/mycluster/group_vars``
cat inventory/mycluster/group_vars/all/all.yml
cat inventory/mycluster/group_vars/k8s_cluster/k8s-cluster.yml

# Deploy Kubespray with Ansible Playbook - run the playbook as root
# The option `--become` is required, as for example writing SSL keys in /etc/,
# installing packages and interacting with various systemd daemons.
# Without --become the playbook will fail to run!
ansible-playbook -i inventory/mycluster/hosts.yaml  --become --become-user=root cluster.yml
```

Note: When Ansible is already installed via system packages on the control machine, other python packages installed via `sudo pip install -r requirements.txt` will go to a different directory tree (e.g. `/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages` on Ubuntu) from Ansible's (e.g. `/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/ansible` still on Ubuntu).
As a consequence, `ansible-playbook` command will fail with:

```raw
ERROR! no action detected in task. This often indicates a misspelled module name, or incorrect module path.
```

probably pointing on a task depending on a module present in requirements.txt.

One way of solving this would be to uninstall the Ansible package and then, to install it via pip but it is not always possible.
A workaround consists of setting `ANSIBLE_LIBRARY` and `ANSIBLE_MODULE_UTILS` environment variables respectively to the `ansible/modules` and `ansible/module_utils` subdirectories of pip packages installation location, which can be found in the Location field of the output of `pip show [package]` before executing `ansible-playbook`.

A simple way to ensure you get all the correct version of Ansible is to use the [pre-built docker image from Quay](https://quay.io/repository/kubespray/kubespray?tab=tags).
You will then need to use [bind mounts](https://docs.docker.com/storage/bind-mounts/) to get the inventory and ssh key into the container, like this:

```ShellSession
docker pull quay.io/kubespray/kubespray:v2.20.0
docker run --rm -it --mount type=bind,source="$(pwd)"/inventory/sample,dst=/inventory \
  --mount type=bind,source="${HOME}"/.ssh/id_rsa,dst=/root/.ssh/id_rsa \
  quay.io/kubespray/kubespray:v2.20.0 bash
# Inside the container you may now run the kubespray playbooks:
ansible-playbook -i /inventory/inventory.ini --private-key /root/.ssh/id_rsa cluster.yml
```

### Vagrant

For Vagrant we need to install python dependencies for provisioning tasks.
Check if Python and pip are installed:

```ShellSession
python -V && pip -V
```

If this returns the version of the software, you're good to go. If not, download and install Python from here <https://www.python.org/downloads/source/>

Install Ansible according to [Ansible installation guide](/docs/ansible.md#installing-ansible)
then run the following step:

```ShellSession
vagrant up
```

## Documents

- [Requirements](#requirements)
- [Kubespray vs ...](docs/comparisons.md)
- [Getting started](docs/getting-started.md)
- [Setting up your first cluster](docs/setting-up-your-first-cluster.md)
- [Ansible inventory and tags](docs/ansible.md)
- [Integration with existing ansible repo](docs/integration.md)
- [Deployment data variables](docs/vars.md)
- [DNS stack](docs/dns-stack.md)
- [HA mode](docs/ha-mode.md)
- [Network plugins](#network-plugins)
- [Vagrant install](docs/vagrant.md)
- [Flatcar Container Linux bootstrap](docs/flatcar.md)
- [Fedora CoreOS bootstrap](docs/fcos.md)
- [Debian Jessie setup](docs/debian.md)
- [openSUSE setup](docs/opensuse.md)
- [Downloaded artifacts](docs/downloads.md)
- [Cloud providers](docs/cloud.md)
- [OpenStack](docs/openstack.md)
- [AWS](docs/aws.md)
- [Azure](docs/azure.md)
- [vSphere](docs/vsphere.md)
- [Equinix Metal](docs/equinix-metal.md)
- [Large deployments](docs/large-deployments.md)
- [Adding/replacing a node](docs/nodes.md)
- [Upgrades basics](docs/upgrades.md)
- [Air-Gap installation](docs/offline-environment.md)
- [NTP](docs/ntp.md)
- [Hardening](docs/hardening.md)
- [Mirror](docs/mirror.md)
- [Roadmap](docs/roadmap.md)

## Supported Linux Distributions

- **Flatcar Container Linux by Kinvolk**
- **Debian** Bullseye, Buster, Jessie, Stretch
- **Ubuntu** 16.04, 18.04, 20.04, 22.04
- **CentOS/RHEL** 7, [8, 9](docs/centos.md#centos-8)
- **Fedora** 35, 36
- **Fedora CoreOS** (see [fcos Note](docs/fcos.md))
- **openSUSE** Leap 15.x/Tumbleweed
- **Oracle Linux** 7, [8, 9](docs/centos.md#centos-8)
- **Alma Linux** [8, 9](docs/centos.md#centos-8)
- **Rocky Linux** [8, 9](docs/centos.md#centos-8)
- **Kylin Linux Advanced Server V10** (experimental: see [kylin linux notes](docs/kylinlinux.md))
- **Amazon Linux 2** (experimental: see [amazon linux notes](docs/amazonlinux.md))
- **UOS Linux** (experimental: see [uos linux notes](docs/uoslinux.md))
- **openEuler** (experimental: see [openEuler notes](docs/openeuler.md))

Note: Upstart/SysV init based OS types are not supported.

## Supported Components

- Core
  - [kubernetes](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes) v1.25.4
  - [etcd](https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd) v3.5.5
  - [docker](https://www.docker.com/) v20.10 (see note)
  - [containerd](https://containerd.io/) v1.6.10
  - [cri-o](http://cri-o.io/) v1.24 (experimental: see [CRI-O Note](docs/cri-o.md). Only on fedora, ubuntu and centos based OS)
- Network Plugin
  - [cni-plugins](https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins) v1.1.1
  - [calico](https://github.com/projectcalico/calico) v3.23.3
  - [canal](https://github.com/projectcalico/canal) (given calico/flannel versions)
  - [cilium](https://github.com/cilium/cilium) v1.12.1
  - [flannel](https://github.com/flannel-io/flannel) v0.19.2
  - [kube-ovn](https://github.com/alauda/kube-ovn) v1.9.7
  - [kube-router](https://github.com/cloudnativelabs/kube-router) v1.5.1
  - [multus](https://github.com/intel/multus-cni) v3.8
  - [weave](https://github.com/weaveworks/weave) v2.8.1
  - [kube-vip](https://github.com/kube-vip/kube-vip) v0.5.5
- Application
  - [cert-manager](https://github.com/jetstack/cert-manager) v1.9.1
  - [coredns](https://github.com/coredns/coredns) v1.9.3
  - [ingress-nginx](https://github.com/kubernetes/ingress-nginx) v1.4.0
  - [krew](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/krew) v0.4.3
  - [argocd](https://argoproj.github.io/) v2.4.16
  - [helm](https://helm.sh/) v3.9.4
  - [metallb](https://metallb.universe.tf/)  v0.12.1
  - [registry](https://github.com/distribution/distribution) v2.8.1
- Storage Plugin
  - [cephfs-provisioner](https://github.com/kubernetes-incubator/external-storage) v2.1.0-k8s1.11
  - [rbd-provisioner](https://github.com/kubernetes-incubator/external-storage) v2.1.1-k8s1.11
  - [aws-ebs-csi-plugin](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/aws-ebs-csi-driver) v0.5.0
  - [azure-csi-plugin](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/azuredisk-csi-driver) v1.10.0
  - [cinder-csi-plugin](https://github.com/kubernetes/cloud-provider-openstack/blob/master/docs/cinder-csi-plugin/using-cinder-csi-plugin.md) v1.22.0
  - [gcp-pd-csi-plugin](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/gcp-compute-persistent-disk-csi-driver) v1.4.0
  - [local-path-provisioner](https://github.com/rancher/local-path-provisioner) v0.0.22
  - [local-volume-provisioner](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/sig-storage-local-static-provisioner) v2.5.0

## Container Runtime Notes

- The list of available docker version is 18.09, 19.03 and 20.10. The recommended docker version is 20.10. The kubelet might break on docker's non-standard version numbering (it no longer uses semantic versioning). To ensure auto-updates don't break your cluster look into e.g. yum versionlock plugin or apt pin).
- The cri-o version should be aligned with the respective kubernetes version (i.e. kube_version=1.20.x, crio_version=1.20)

## Requirements

- **Minimum required version of Kubernetes is v1.23**
- **Ansible v2.11+, Jinja 2.11+ and python-netaddr is installed on the machine that will run Ansible commands**
- The target servers must have **access to the Internet** in order to pull docker images. Otherwise, additional configuration is required (See [Offline Environment](docs/offline-environment.md))
- The target servers are configured to allow **IPv4 forwarding**.
- If using IPv6 for pods and services, the target servers are configured to allow **IPv6 forwarding**.
- The **firewalls are not managed**, you'll need to implement your own rules the way you used to.
    in order to avoid any issue during deployment you should disable your firewall.
- If kubespray is ran from non-root user account, correct privilege escalation method
    should be configured in the target servers. Then the `ansible_become` flag
    or command parameters `--become or -b` should be specified.

Hardware:
These limits are safe guarded by Kubespray. Actual requirements for your workload can differ. For a sizing guide go to the [Building Large Clusters](https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup/cluster-large/#size-of-master-and-master-components) guide.

- Master
  - Memory: 1500 MB
- Node
  - Memory: 1024 MB

## Network Plugins

You can choose between 10 network plugins. (default: `calico`, except Vagrant uses `flannel`)

- [flannel](docs/flannel.md): gre/vxlan (layer 2) networking.

- [Calico](https://docs.projectcalico.org/latest/introduction/) is a networking and network policy provider. Calico supports a flexible set of networking options
    designed to give you the most efficient networking across a range of situations, including non-overlay
    and overlay networks, with or without BGP. Calico uses the same engine to enforce network policy for hosts,
    pods, and (if using Istio and Envoy) applications at the service mesh layer.

- [canal](https://github.com/projectcalico/canal): a composition of calico and flannel plugins.

- [cilium](http://docs.cilium.io/en/latest/): layer 3/4 networking (as well as layer 7 to protect and secure application protocols), supports dynamic insertion of BPF bytecode into the Linux kernel to implement security services, networking and visibility logic.

- [weave](docs/weave.md): Weave is a lightweight container overlay network that doesn't require an external K/V database cluster.
    (Please refer to `weave` [troubleshooting documentation](https://www.weave.works/docs/net/latest/troubleshooting/)).

- [kube-ovn](docs/kube-ovn.md): Kube-OVN integrates the OVN-based Network Virtualization with Kubernetes. It offers an advanced Container Network Fabric for Enterprises.

- [kube-router](docs/kube-router.md): Kube-router is a L3 CNI for Kubernetes networking aiming to provide operational
    simplicity and high performance: it uses IPVS to provide Kube Services Proxy (if setup to replace kube-proxy),
    iptables for network policies, and BGP for ods L3 networking (with optionally BGP peering with out-of-cluster BGP peers).
    It can also optionally advertise routes to Kubernetes cluster Pods CIDRs, ClusterIPs, ExternalIPs and LoadBalancerIPs.

- [macvlan](docs/macvlan.md): Macvlan is a Linux network driver. Pods have their own unique Mac and Ip address, connected directly the physical (layer 2) network.

- [multus](docs/multus.md): Multus is a meta CNI plugin that provides multiple network interface support to pods. For each interface Multus delegates CNI calls to secondary CNI plugins such as Calico, macvlan, etc.

The choice is defined with the variable `kube_network_plugin`. There is also an
option to leverage built-in cloud provider networking instead.
See also [Network checker](docs/netcheck.md).

## Ingress Plugins

- [nginx](https://kubernetes.github.io/ingress-nginx): the NGINX Ingress Controller.

- [metallb](docs/metallb.md): the MetalLB bare-metal service LoadBalancer provider.

## Community docs and resources

- [kubernetes.io/docs/setup/production-environment/tools/kubespray/](https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup/production-environment/tools/kubespray/)
- [kubespray, monitoring and logging](https://github.com/gregbkr/kubernetes-kargo-logging-monitoring) by @gregbkr
- [Deploy Kubernetes w/ Ansible & Terraform](https://rsmitty.github.io/Terraform-Ansible-Kubernetes/) by @rsmitty
- [Deploy a Kubernetes Cluster with Kubespray (video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJ5G4GpqDy0)

## Tools and projects on top of Kubespray

- [Digital Rebar Provision](https://github.com/digitalrebar/provision/blob/v4/doc/integrations/ansible.rst)
- [Terraform Contrib](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/kubespray/tree/master/contrib/terraform)
- [Kubean](https://github.com/kubean-io/kubean)

## CI Tests

[![Build graphs](https://gitlab.com/kargo-ci/kubernetes-sigs-kubespray/badges/master/pipeline.svg)](https://gitlab.com/kargo-ci/kubernetes-sigs-kubespray/pipelines)

CI/end-to-end tests sponsored by: [CNCF](https://cncf.io), [Equinix Metal](https://metal.equinix.com/), [OVHcloud](https://www.ovhcloud.com/), [ELASTX](https://elastx.se/).

See the [test matrix](docs/test_cases.md) for details.
